Su:m37 Secret Essence Fundamental Treatment

Su:m37 Secret Essence Fundamental Treatment

Save

Overview

What it is

Facial treatment with 120 ingredients that contains ceramides, exfoliants, hyaluronic acid and niacinamide

Cool Features

It is reef safe

Suited For

It has ingredients that are good for fighting acne, anti aging, dry skin, brightening skin, sensitive skin, oily skin, reducing pores, scar healing and dark spots

Free From

It doesn't contain any harsh alcohols, parabens or sulfates

Fun facts

Su:m37 is from South Korea. This product is used in 2 routines created by our community.

We independently verify ingredients and our claims are backed by peer-reviewed research. Does this product need an update? Let us know.

About this product

Ingredients List

Dive into the full list of ingredients.

56
15
49

Water

Skin Conditioning

Dipropylene Glycol

Masking

Glycereth-26

Humectant
0 / 0

Spiraea Ulmaria Flower Extract

Skin Conditioning

1,2-Hexanediol

Skin Conditioning

Butylene Glycol

Humectant
1 / 0 Helps hydrate Dry Skin Icon

Glycerin

Humectant
0 / 0 Helps hydrate Dry Skin IconHelps brighten skin Icon

Methyl Gluceth-20

Humectant

Ferulic Acid

Antimicrobial
Antioxidant IconHelps with Anti-Aging IconGood for Dark Spots Icon

Lactobacillus/Pear Juice Ferment Filtrate

Skin Conditioning

Saccharomyces/Barley Seed Ferment Filtrate

Humectant

Lactobacillus/Wasabia Japonica Root Ferment Extract

Antioxidant
Antioxidant Icon

Lactobacillus/Water Hyacinth Ferment

Skin Protecting

Lactobacillus

Skin Conditioning

Lactobacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract

Skin Conditioning

Lactobacillus/Rye Flour Ferment

Skin Conditioning

Monascus/Rice Ferment

Antioxidant
Antioxidant Icon

Saccharomyces/Potato Extract Ferment Filtrate

Humectant

Saccharomyces/Xylinum/Black Tea Ferment

Skin Conditioning
Helps reduce irritation Icon

Saccharomyces/Grape Ferment Extract

Skin Conditioning

Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract

Bleaching
Good for Dark Spots Icon

Diospyros Kaki Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Curcuma Longa Root Extract

Masking
Fragrance Icon

Actinidia Polygama Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Cassia Tora Seed Extract

Skin Conditioning

Ipomoea Batatas Root Extract

Skin Conditioning

Trichosanthes Kirilowii Root Extract

Skin Protecting

Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract

Antioxidant
Antioxidant Icon

Citrus Unshiu Peel Extract

Masking

Lonicera Japonica Flower Extract

Skin Conditioning

Panicum Miliaceum Seed Extract

Skin Conditioning

Glechoma Hederacea Extract

Skin Conditioning

Platycodon Grandiflorus Root Extract

Antioxidant
Antioxidant Icon

Acer Palmatum Leaf Extract

Antioxidant
Antioxidant Icon

Daucus Carota Sativa Root Extract

Skin Conditioning

Codonopsis Lanceolata Root Extract

Skin Conditioning

Camellia Japonica Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Rubus Idaeus Fruit Extract

Astringent

Melilotus Officinalis Extract

Astringent

Lippia Citriodora Leaf Extract

Astringent
Fragrance IconMay cause irritation IconEU Allergen Icon

Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract

Antimicrobial

Allium Sativum Bulb Extract

Skin Conditioning

Portulaca Oleracea Extract

Skin Conditioning

Chaenomeles Sinensis Fruit Extract

Antioxidant
Antioxidant Icon

Raphanus Sativus Root Extract

Astringent

Ficus Carica Fruit Extract

Humectant

Musa Sapientum Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Ocimum Basilicum Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Leaf Extract

Astringent

Centella Asiatica Extract

Cleansing
Helps reduce Skin Redness IconHelps reduce irritation Icon

Prunus Persica Fruit Extract

Abrasive
Exfoliant Icon

Beta Vulgaris Root Extract

Skin Conditioning

Eriobotrya Japonica Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Pyrus Malus Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Morus Bombycis Leaf Extract

Smoothing

Prunus Armeniaca Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Zingiber Officinale Root Extract

Masking

Taraxacum Officinale Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Thymus Vulgaris Leaf Extract

Skin Protecting

Salvia Officinalis Leaf Extract

Cleansing

Equisetum Arvense Extract

Astringent

Citrullus Lanatus Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Brassica Rapa Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Spinacia Oleracea Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Artemisia Princeps Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Brassica Oleracea Capitata Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Allium Cepa Bulb Extract

Skin Conditioning

Houttuynia Cordata Extract

Skin Conditioning
Helps hydrate Dry Skin IconHelps reduce Skin Redness IconHelps reduce irritation Icon

Sasa Veitchii Leaf Extract

Skin Conditioning

Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract

Skin Conditioning

Cucumis Sativus Fruit Extract

Emollient

Plantago Major Seed Extract

Skin Conditioning

Hemerocallis Fulva Flower Extract

Skin Conditioning

Citrus Junos Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Akebia Quinata Extract

Skin Conditioning

Ginkgo Biloba Nut Extract

Skin Conditioning

Crataegus Cuneata Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Grifola Frondosa Fruiting Body Extract

Emollient

Prunus Salicina Fruit Extract

Antioxidant
Antioxidant Icon

Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract

Masking

Geranium Robertianum Extract

Astringent

Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract

Skin Conditioning

Rehmannia Chinensis Root Extract

Skin Conditioning

Sesamum Indicum Seed Extract

Skin Conditioning

Undaria Pinnatifida Extract

Skin Conditioning

Acorus Calamus Root Extract

Perfuming
Fragrance Icon

Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract

Masking
Fragrance Icon

Carica Papaya Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Phaseolus Angularis Seed Extract

Antioxidant
Antioxidant Icon

Mentha Piperita Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract

Masking
Fragrance Icon

Lentinus Edodes Extract

Skin Conditioning

Helianthus Annuus Seed Extract

Skin Conditioning

Schizonepeta Tenuifolia Extract

Skin Conditioning

Carthamus Tinctorius Flower Extract

Skin Conditioning

Cichorium Intybus Root Extract

Masking

Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit Extract

Skin Conditioning

Poloxamer 234

Emulsifying

Betaine

Humectant
Helps hydrate Dry Skin IconHelps reduce irritation IconGood for Dark Spots Icon

Glycosphingolipids

Emollient

Phospholipids

Skin Conditioning

Niacinamide

Smoothing
Niacinamide IconGood for Oily Skin IconHelps reduce Skin Redness IconHelps reduce irritation IconGood for Minimizing Pores IconHelps with Anti-Aging IconGood for Dark Spots IconGood for Scar Healing IconHelps fight Acne IconHelps brighten skin Icon

Sodium Hyaluronate

Humectant
0 / 0 Hyaluronic Acid Icon

Ceramide NP

Skin Conditioning
Ceramide IconHelps hydrate Dry Skin IconHelps reduce irritation IconHelps with Anti-Aging Icon

Polyquaternium-51

Skin Conditioning

Lauryl Dimethicone/Polyglycerin-3 Crosspolymer

Cleansing

Cholesterol

Emollient
0 / 0 Helps hydrate Dry Skin Icon

Polymethylsilsesquioxane

Silicon Icon

Hydroxyethylcellulose

Emulsion Stabilising

Cetearyl Alcohol

Emollient
2 / 1 Fatty Alcohol IconMay worsen Oily Skin IconBad for Acne Prone Skin IconNot safe for Fungal Acne Icon

Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer

Emulsion Stabilising

PEG/PPG-17/6 Copolymer

Solvent

Tromethamine

Buffering

Lavandula Angustifolia Oil

Masking
Fragrance IconOil IconMay cause irritation IconEU Allergen Icon

Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil

Masking
Fragrance IconOil Icon

Anthemis Nobilis Flower Oil

Masking
Fragrance IconOil Icon

Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil

Masking
Fragrance IconOil IconMay cause irritation IconEU Allergen Icon

Citrus Aurantifolia Oil

Cleansing
Fragrance IconOil Icon

Limonene

Perfuming
Fragrance IconMay worsen Eczema IconMay worsen Rosacea Icon

Linalool

Perfuming
Fragrance IconMay cause irritation IconEU Allergen IconMay worsen Eczema IconMay worsen Rosacea Icon

Citronellol

Perfuming
Fragrance IconMay cause irritation IconEU Allergen Icon

Water, Dipropylene Glycol, Glycereth-26, Spiraea Ulmaria Flower Extract, 1,2-Hexanediol, Butylene Glycol, Glycerin, Methyl Gluceth-20, Ferulic Acid, Lactobacillus/Pear Juice Ferment Filtrate, Saccharomyces/Barley Seed Ferment Filtrate, Lactobacillus/Wasabia Japonica Root Ferment Extract, Lactobacillus/Water Hyacinth Ferment, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract, Lactobacillus/Rye Flour Ferment, Monascus/Rice Ferment, Saccharomyces/Potato Extract Ferment Filtrate, Saccharomyces/Xylinum/Black Tea Ferment, Saccharomyces/Grape Ferment Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Diospyros Kaki Fruit Extract, Curcuma Longa Root Extract, Actinidia Polygama Fruit Extract, Cassia Tora Seed Extract, Ipomoea Batatas Root Extract, Trichosanthes Kirilowii Root Extract, Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract, Citrus Unshiu Peel Extract, Lonicera Japonica Flower Extract, Panicum Miliaceum Seed Extract, Glechoma Hederacea Extract, Platycodon Grandiflorus Root Extract, Acer Palmatum Leaf Extract, Daucus Carota Sativa Root Extract, Codonopsis Lanceolata Root Extract, Camellia Japonica Leaf Extract, Rubus Idaeus Fruit Extract, Melilotus Officinalis Extract, Lippia Citriodora Leaf Extract, Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract, Allium Sativum Bulb Extract, Portulaca Oleracea Extract, Chaenomeles Sinensis Fruit Extract, Raphanus Sativus Root Extract, Ficus Carica Fruit Extract, Musa Sapientum Fruit Extract, Ocimum Basilicum Leaf Extract, Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Leaf Extract, Centella Asiatica Extract, Prunus Persica Fruit Extract, Beta Vulgaris Root Extract, Eriobotrya Japonica Leaf Extract, Pyrus Malus Fruit Extract, Morus Bombycis Leaf Extract, Prunus Armeniaca Fruit Extract, Zingiber Officinale Root Extract, Taraxacum Officinale Leaf Extract, Thymus Vulgaris Leaf Extract, Salvia Officinalis Leaf Extract, Equisetum Arvense Extract, Citrullus Lanatus Fruit Extract, Brassica Rapa Leaf Extract, Spinacia Oleracea Leaf Extract, Artemisia Princeps Leaf Extract, Brassica Oleracea Capitata Leaf Extract, Allium Cepa Bulb Extract, Houttuynia Cordata Extract, Sasa Veitchii Leaf Extract, Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract, Cucumis Sativus Fruit Extract, Plantago Major Seed Extract, Hemerocallis Fulva Flower Extract, Citrus Junos Fruit Extract, Akebia Quinata Extract, Ginkgo Biloba Nut Extract, Crataegus Cuneata Fruit Extract, Grifola Frondosa Fruiting Body Extract, Prunus Salicina Fruit Extract, Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract, Geranium Robertianum Extract, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, Rehmannia Chinensis Root Extract, Sesamum Indicum Seed Extract, Undaria Pinnatifida Extract, Acorus Calamus Root Extract, Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract, Carica Papaya Fruit Extract, Phaseolus Angularis Seed Extract, Mentha Piperita Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract, Lentinus Edodes Extract, Helianthus Annuus Seed Extract, Schizonepeta Tenuifolia Extract, Carthamus Tinctorius Flower Extract, Cichorium Intybus Root Extract, Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit Extract, Poloxamer 234, Betaine, Glycosphingolipids, Phospholipids, Niacinamide, Sodium Hyaluronate, Ceramide NP, Polyquaternium-51, Lauryl Dimethicone/Polyglycerin-3 Crosspolymer, Cholesterol, Polymethylsilsesquioxane, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Cetearyl Alcohol, Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, PEG/PPG-17/6 Copolymer, Tromethamine, Lavandula Angustifolia Oil, Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil, Anthemis Nobilis Flower Oil, Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil, Citrus Aurantifolia Oil, Limonene, Linalool, Citronellol

Key Ingredients

Benefits

Concerns

Ingredients Explained

Skin Conditioning, Solvent

Water. It's the most common cosmetic ingredient of all. You'll usually see it at the top of ingredient lists, meaning that it makes up the largest part of the product.

So why is it so popular? Water most often acts as a solvent - this means that it helps dissolve other ingredients into the formulation.

You'll also recognize water as that liquid we all need to stay alive. If you see this, drink a glass of water. Stay hydrated!

Learn more about Water
Masking, Solvent

Dipropylene Glycol is a synthetically created stabilizer and solvent. It is a part of the glycol class in the alcohol family.

Dipropylene Glycol helps dissolve and evenly distribute ingredients. It also helps decrease viscosity and thin out texture.

As a masking agent, Dipropylene Glycol can be used to cover the smell of other ingredients. However, it does not have a scent.

Studies show Dipropylene Glycol is considered safe to use in skincare.

Learn more about Dipropylene Glycol
Humectant

Glycereth-26 is a synthetic ingredient and polyethylene glycol ether of Glycerin. Glycerin is already naturally found in your skin and helps keep your skin moisturized.

It is a humectant and helps add texture to products. It can make your product thicker.

As a humectant, it helps draw moisture from the air to your skin. This helps your skin stay hydrated.

Learn more about Glycereth-26
Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Spiraea Ulmaria Flower Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning, Solvent

1,2-Hexanediol is a synthetic liquid and another multi-functional powerhouse. 

It is a:

  • Humectant, drawing moisture into the skin
  • Emollient, helping to soften skin
  • Solvent, dispersing and stabilizing formulas
  • Preservative booster, enhancing the antimicrobial activity of other preservatives 
Humectant, Masking, Skin Conditioning

Butylene Glycol (or BG) is used within cosmetic products for a few different reasons:

  • It is a solvent, meaning that it helps to dissolve other ingredients. This also enhances the absorption of the product into one's skin.
  • It is a humectant, which means that it helps attract moisture into the skin.
  • It helps improve product application.
  • It has mild preservative properties.

Overall, Butylene Glycol is a safe and well-rounded ingredient that works well with other ingredients.

Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Skin Protecting

Glycerin is already naturally found in your skin. It helps moisturize and protect your skin.

A study from 2016 found glycerin to be more effective as a humectant than AHAs and hyaluronic acid.

As a humectant, it helps the skin stay hydrated by pulling moisture to your skin. The low molecular weight of glycerin allows it to pull moisture into the deeper layers of your skin.

Hydrated skin improves your skin barrier; Your skin barrier helps protect against irritants and bacteria.

Glycerin has also been found to have antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Due to these properties, glycerin is often used in wound and burn treatments.

In cosmetics, glycerin is usually derived from plants such as soybean or palm. However, it can also be sourced from animals, such as tallow or animal fat.

This ingredient is organic, colorless, odorless, and non-toxic.

Glycerin is the name for this ingredient in American English. British English uses Glycerol/Glycerine.

Learn more about Glycerin
Humectant, Moisturising

Methyl Gluceth-20 is a humectant. Humectants help draw moisture from the air to your skin.

It is created by combining polyethylene glycol with glucose.

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant

Ferulic Acid is a plant based antioxidant. By fighting free-radicals, ferulic acid can help reduce the formation of fine lines and hyperpigmentation.

When used with Vitamin C, Ferulic Acid has shown to prevent Vitamin C from breaking down. In other words, it acts as a stabilizer.

Ferulic Acid is sometimes used to preserve food. Foods containing Ferulic Acid include: oats, rice, eggplant, citrus.

In medicine, Ferulic Acid is being studied for helping with diabetes, Alzheimer's, and cardiovascular diseases.

Learn more about Ferulic Acid

We don't have a description for Lactobacillus/Pear Juice Ferment Filtrate yet.

We don't have a description for Saccharomyces/Barley Seed Ferment Filtrate yet.

Lactobacillus/Wasabia Japonica Root Ferment Extract is an antioxidant.

We don't have a description for Lactobacillus/Water Hyacinth Ferment yet.

Skin Conditioning

Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria with skin conditioning properties. This ingredient has antibacterial and antifungal properties (that's why we can eat fermented foods).

Learn more about the benefits of lactobacillus ferment here.

Fun Fact: Lactobacillus is used to create wine, yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, cider, kimchi, cocoa, kefir.

Learn more about Lactobacillus

This ingredient is created by fermenting soybean extract with the bacteria, lactobacillus.

Some studies have shown it to have antioxidant properties. One study found this ingredient to have stronger properties than non-fermented soybean extract.

Another study found in increase of isoflavones, amino acids, and peptides in fermented soy milk.

Learn more about Lactobacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract

We don't have a description for Lactobacillus/Rye Flour Ferment yet.

Antioxidant, Skin Protecting

Monascus/Rice Ferment is an antioxidant.

We don't have a description for Saccharomyces/Potato Extract Ferment Filtrate yet.

This combination of bacteria + black tea + fermentation = kombucha.

According to a manufacturer, this ingredient helps boost radiance, smoothness, and thickens skin.

You can read about the skin benefits of the individual parts here: Saccharomyces Black tea

Learn more about Saccharomyces/Xylinum/Black Tea Ferment

We don't have a description for Saccharomyces/Grape Ferment Extract yet.

Bleaching, Emollient, Skin Conditioning

Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract is an extract of the roots of Licorice. It has been found to have several benefits such as skin hydrating, conditioning, and soothing.

One component, glabridin, has extra potent antioxidant and soothing properties. It has also been found to block pigmentation from UVB rays in guinea pigs.

Licorice Root also contains a flavonoid. Flavonoids are a natural substance from in plants. Flavonoids also have antioxidant properties.

Another component, glycyrrhizin, has been found to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits. This may make licorice root extract effective at treating acne. However, more research is needed to support this.

Liquiritin is one of the flavone compounds found in licorice. It has been found to help lighten skin by preventing tyrosinase from reacting with tyrosine. When the two react, protein is converted to melanin. Melanin is the substance in your body that gives your features pigmentation.

Learn more about Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract
Skin Conditioning

Diospyros Kaki Fruit Extract comes from the persimmon, a fruit native to India, China, and Korea. It is rich in antioxidants and contains skin nourishing vitamins.

The antioxidant properties of persimmon come from tannins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and some of its vitamin content. Antioxidants may help with anti-aging.

Vitamins A and C also have plenty of skin benefits as well.

Learn more about Diospyros Kaki Fruit Extract
Masking, Perfuming

Curcuma Longa Root Extract is from the spice, turmeric. Besides being a healthy and delicious spice, turmeric also has plenty of skincare benefits. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-microbial properties.

Turmeric contains curcumin, an antioxidant. Antioxidants help neutralize unstable free-radical molecules. Free-radical molecules may damage your skin's cells and DNA. Curcumin may help with anti-aging.

Curcumin also has anti-inflammatory properties and can help soothe skin and reduce irritation. On top of that, curcumin has been shown to help prevent hyperpigmentation from sun damage.

The anti-microbial property of turmeric can make it effective in treating acne. This property has also been shown to help regulate the production of sebum.

Learn more about Curcuma Longa Root Extract

We don't have a description for Actinidia Polygama Fruit Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Cassia Tora Seed Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Ipomoea Batatas Root Extract yet.

We don't have a description for Trichosanthes Kirilowii Root Extract yet.

Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract comes from a type of goji berry plant.

Goji berries contain polysaccharides, carotenoids and flavonoids. These give it antioxidant properties that protect your skin from free-radical molecules.

Polysaccharides help hydrate the top layer of skin due to its ability to mimic natural carbohydrates.

Learn more about Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract

We don't have a description for Citrus Unshiu Peel Extract yet.

Lonicera Japonica Flower Extract comes from the honeysuckle flower.

Honeysuckles have skin protecting, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory properties. It contains many antioxidants, such as luteolin, caffeic acid, loniflavone, and chlorogenic acids.

This honeysuckle is native to East Asia and used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat fever and inflammation.

Learn more about Lonicera Japonica Flower Extract
Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

We don't have a description for Panicum Miliaceum Seed Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning, Tonic

We don't have a description for Glechoma Hederacea Extract yet.

Platycodon Grandiflorus Root Extract is an antioxidant.

Acer Palmatum Leaf Extract is an antioxidant.

Daucus Carota Sativa Root Extract comes from the root commonly known as carrot (the orange kind we eat!).

This extract contains beta-carotene, a pigment responsible for giving plants the orange color. Beta-carotene is a potent antioxidant. Antioxidants may help reduce the signs of aging.

Beta-carotene is the reason we turn orange if we eat too many carrots.

It should be noted coming into contact with the leaves of wild carrots can cause skin irritation. The sap causes phytophotodermatitis, or sensitivity exposed to sunlight.

This ingredient is created using the edible parts of the carrot.

Learn more about Daucus Carota Sativa Root Extract

We don't have a description for Codonopsis Lanceolata Root Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

Camellia Japonica Leaf Extract comes from the leaves of the Camellia japonica plant. This plant is native to East Asia.

The leaves of Camellia Japonica have been found to have anti-inflammatory compounds. These include squalene, lupeol, and vitamin E.

This extract is created by using 50% 1,3-Butylene glycol.

Learn more about Camellia Japonica Leaf Extract
Astringent, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

We don't have a description for Rubus Idaeus Fruit Extract yet.

Astringent, Masking, Soothing

We don't have a description for Melilotus Officinalis Extract yet.

Astringent, Perfuming

Lippia Citriodora Leaf Extract is a fragrance. It can cause irritation.

Antimicrobial, Masking, Skin Conditioning

Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract comes from rosemary. Rosemary is native to the Mediterranean.

While Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Oil can be volatile due to its fragrant properties, the fragrance components are usually removed in the leaf extract.

Rosemary Leaf Extract can help protect your skin against damage from free-radical molecules. It contains many antioxidants such as rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid.

Rosemarinic acid has been found to help soothe skin conditions such as eczema and acne.

Learn more about Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract
Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Allium Sativum Bulb Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

This extract comes from Purslane, a succulent. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hydrating properties.

Purslane is very nutritious. It contains omega-3 fatty acids, NMFs, many vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. The vitamins found in purslane include: Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E.

Fun fact: Purslane is a succulent with an extensive habitat. It is used in traditional Korean medicine to treat irritated skin.

Nowadays, purslane is becoming a superfood due to its highly nutritious content.

Learn more about Portulaca Oleracea Extract
Antioxidant, Astringent, Emollient

Chaenomeles Sinensis Fruit Extract is an antioxidant.

Astringent, Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Raphanus Sativus Root Extract yet.

Ficus Carica Fruit Extract comes from the fruit known as the fig. Figs are rich in antioxidants and helps hydrate the skin.

Figs also contain fatty acids and Vitamins A, B1, and B2.

As a humectant, figs are able to draw moisture from the air to your skin. This helps keep your skin hydrated.

Learn more about Ficus Carica Fruit Extract
Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Musa Sapientum Fruit Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

Basil leaf is rich in vitamin C.

We don't have a description for Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Leaf Extract yet.

Cleansing, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

Centella Asiatica Extract (Centella) is derived from an herb native to Southeast Asia. It is famous for its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.

Centella is rich in antioxidants and amino acids, such as Madecassic Acid and Asiaticoside.

Studies show the compounds in centella help with:

The combination of all these properties makes centella effective at soothing, hydrating, and protecting the skin.

Other great components of centella include Vitamin A, vitamin C, several B vitamins, and Asiatic Acid.

Fun fact: Centella has been used as a medicine and in food for many centuries. As a medicine, it is used to treat burns, scratches, and wounds.

Learn more about Centella Asiatica Extract
Abrasive, Moisturising, Skin Conditioning

Prunus Persica Fruit Extract comes from peaches.

Peaches are rich in antioxidants, such as Vitamins C, E and A. Antioxidants help reduce the signs of aging. These vitamins also have plenty of skin benefits on their own (for instance, Vitamin C, E helps with skin brightening).

Peach extract is also an abrasive. Abrasives are an agent used to wear away the surface of skin. They are used to help polish or exfoliate skin.

Emerging research shows Peach extract may help protect UV-B induced skin damage. However, further research is needed.

Learn more about Prunus Persica Fruit Extract
Skin Conditioning

Beta Vulgaris Root Extract comes from the beet root plant. Beet Root has high Vitamin C content.

Beet roots also contain antioxidants. Antioxidants help fight free-radicals. Free-radicals are molecules that may damage your skin cells, such as pollution.

Beet root has many benefits when eaten. More research is needed on applying beetroot in skincare.

Beet Root is used to add pink/red color.

Learn more about Beta Vulgaris Root Extract
Skin Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Tonic

We don't have a description for Eriobotrya Japonica Leaf Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

Pyrus Malus Fruit Extract is extract from Apples. Apples are rich in Vitamin C, sugars, and antioxidants.

The sugar in Apples are humectants and help hydrate the skin. On top of that, apples also contain some acids, such as malic acid. These acids may have a mild exfoliating effect.

Last, the phytochemicals found in apples are strong antioxidants. These antioxidants help with anti-aging as they protect your skin cells against oxidative damage.

Learn more about Pyrus Malus Fruit Extract

We don't have a description for Morus Bombycis Leaf Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Prunus Armeniaca Fruit Extract yet.

Masking, Skin Conditioning, Tonic

Zingiber Officinale is more commonly known as ginger.

Ginger root has antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antimicrobial properties.

The antioxidant properties help protect your body from free-radicals. Free-radicals are molecules that may damage your skin cells. As a result, ginger may help slow down signs of aging such as hyperpigmentation and wrinkles.

Studies show ginger inhibits the enzyme that breaks down collagen. It also helps with:

This ingredient has no negative side-effects and is safe to use unless one has a specific allergy to it.

Ginger originates from Southeast Asia but has spread throughout the world. It is now a common spice used in many cultures.

Learn more about Zingiber Officinale Root Extract

We don't have a description for Taraxacum Officinale Leaf Extract yet.

We don't have a description for Thymus Vulgaris Leaf Extract yet.

Cleansing, Skin Conditioning, Tonic

Sage leaf extract is a culinary and medicinal herb with antibacterial, antioxidant, and soothing properties.

This ingredient is made up of 75-90% ursolic acid, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound.

Astringent, Emollient, Soothing

We don't have a description for Equisetum Arvense Extract yet.

Citrullus Lanatus Fruit Extract comes from the watermelon. Watermelon has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Watermelons are rich in antioxidants such as Vitamin A, Vitamin C and lycopene. It also contains sugars and amino acids, such as arginine and glutathione.

Lycopene is a potent antioxidant. Besides helping to protect your skin against free-radical molecules, it also helps soothe the skin. Lycopene gives watermelon the distinct red color.

Learn more about Citrullus Lanatus Fruit Extract
Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Brassica Rapa Leaf Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

Spinacia Oleracea Leaf Extract is extract from the spinach leaf, Spinacia oleracea.

Spinach is rich in antioxidants such as Vitamin A, and Vitamin C.

This leaf extract comes from the Asian mugwort. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Fun fact: This flower is part of the sunflower family.

We don't have a description for Brassica Oleracea Capitata Leaf Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

Red onion extract? This ingredient not only benefits our diet but also offers numerous benefits for the skin.

Like many other plant extracts, red onion is loaded with antioxidants and nutrients. The red color of the onion comes from its high anthocyanin content - and anthocyanin is a potent antioxidant.

Besides being rich in antioxidants, red onions also contain sulfur, sugars, Vitamin C, and biotin.

A study from 2018 found onion extract to be just as effective as healing surgical scars as traditional silicone gel.

Another study from 2008 showed using this ingredient helped reduce surgical scar texture, redness, and overall appearance in 60 patients.

According to a manufacturer, this ingredient can help with the following:

Another manufacturer from Spain claims onion extract can inhibit the release of allergy hormones and prostaglandin, or lipids found near tissue damage and infection spots.

This ingredient is water-soluble.

Learn more about Allium Cepa Bulb Extract
Skin Conditioning

Houttuynia Cordata Extract is more commonly known as Heart Leaf, Fish Mint, or Chameleon plant.

The components found in Heart Leaf give it antioxidant, hydrating, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Heart Leaf is rich in flavonoids such as quercetin, apigenin, and more. It also contains polysaccharides, the most common type of carbs in food.

Flavonoids have been shown to be effective antioxidants. They help neutralize free-radical molecules. Free-radical molecules are unstable molecules that may damage our skin cells and DNA. The flavonoids in Heart Leaf also help soothe the skin.

Polysaccharides are naturally found in our skin. They play a role in hydrating and repairing the top layer of skin. The polysaccharides in Heart Leaf help moisturize our skin.

Studies show decanoyl acetaldehyde, a component of Heart Leaf oil, is effective at killing bacteria.

The name 'Fish Mint' comes from the herb's natural fishy smell. Is is native to southeast Asia and used throughout the continent for traditional cooking and medicine.

Learn more about Houttuynia Cordata Extract
Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Sasa Veitchii Leaf Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract yet.

Emollient, Skin Conditioning

This extract comes from cucumber. Cucumbers are mostly made up of water (95%), and the other 5% is composed of: vitamin C, caffeic acid, fatty acids, amino acids, and other minerals.

Cucumbers have anti-inflammatory, barrier repair, and hydrating properties.

They contain shikimate dehydrigenase, an enzyme shown to help reduce inflammation and soothe the skin.

The amino acids found in cucumbers help nourish our skin's natural acid mantle (it's an important part of our skin barrier). This slightly acidic film acts as a barrier to protect us from bacteria, viruses, and other contaminants.

Unless you have an allergy to cucumbers, this is generally a non-irritating ingredient.

Fun fact: Cucumis Sativus is native to South Asia and can now be found on every continent.

Learn more about Cucumis Sativus Fruit Extract
Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Plantago Major Seed Extract yet.

We don't have a description for Hemerocallis Fulva Flower Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

Citrus Junos Fruit Extract comes from the Citrus Junos tree, or the Yuzu plant.

Yuzu has many skin benefits. It contains antioxidants and a variety of Vitamins. The vitamins found in yuzu include: Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B5.

Vitamins C and A also provide plenty of skin benefits such as boosting collagen production and helping to reduce the signs of aging.

For those with allergies, Yuzu does contain limonene and linalool. Both these compounds may cause skin sensitivity. If you have concerns, we recommend speaking with a professional.

Learn more about Citrus Junos Fruit Extract
Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Akebia Quinata Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

Ginkgo Biloba Nut Extract comes from the fruit (nuts) of the Ginkgo Biloba tree. This tree is native to China.

These nuts contain potassium, Vitamin C, calcium, phosphorous, and other minerals.

We don't have a description for Crataegus Cuneata Fruit Extract yet.

Emollient, Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Grifola Frondosa Fruiting Body Extract yet.

Prunus Salicina Fruit Extract is an antioxidant.

Masking, Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract yet.

Astringent, Tonic

We don't have a description for Geranium Robertianum Extract yet.

This ingredient is more commonly known as Zhi Mu root. You might see this ingredient listed under 'Volufiline' products.

That's because 'Volufiline' is comprised of this ingredient and Hydrogenated Polyisobutene.

Zhi Mu root is rich in sarsasapogenin. This compound has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.

It is commonly used in East Asian medicine.

Learn more about Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract
Skin Conditioning, Tonic

We don't have a description for Rehmannia Chinensis Root Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning, Smoothing, Soothing

We don't have a description for Sesamum Indicum Seed Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning, Skin Protecting

Undaria Pinnatifida Extract comes from a kelp native to the northern Pacific Ocean. It is more commonly known as "wakame".

This kelp contains fatty acids, sodium, calcium, iodine, thiamine, and niacin. Studies show a polysaccharide known as fucoidan exhibits strong antioxidant activities. Fucoidan can be found in the cell walls of many species of brown seaweed.

Wakame prefers cold and temperate oceans. It is used in Japanese and Korean cuisine (yummy!).

Learn more about Undaria Pinnatifida Extract
Perfuming, Skin Conditioning

Acorus Calamus Root Extract is a fragrance.

Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning

Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract is from the Roman Chamomile flower. It helps soothe the skin and contains antioxidants.

Skin Conditioning

Carica Papaya Fruit Extract comes from the papaya fruit. Papayas were first domesticated in Mexico and Central America.

This fruit extract contains papain and chymopapain, two types of enzymes. These enzyme have exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. One study shows papain may help reduce scarring.

Papaya is also a rich source of antioxidants. Antioxidants protect your skin against damage from free-radical molecules. This may help protect against signs of aging. One antioxidant present in papayas is lycopene.

Papaya also contains Vitamin A, also known as retinol.

While papaya is used as an ingredient to help lighten skin, research is limited on this.

The seeds of papaya have been found to have anti-fungal activity.

Learn more about Carica Papaya Fruit Extract
Antioxidant, Emollient, Humectant

Phaseolus Angularis Seed Extract is an antioxidant.

Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning

Mentha Piperita Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract is a fragrance.

Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Lentinus Edodes Extract yet.

Skin Conditioning

Helianthus Annuus Seed Extract comes from sunflower seeds.

Sunflower seeds are rich in vitamin E. Studies show sunflowers contain antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

The fatty acids found in sunflower seeds include (from highest amount to least): linoleic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid.

These fatty acids hydrate your skin. Emollients create a film on the skin to prevent moisture from escaping.

Learn more about Helianthus Annuus Seed Extract

We don't have a description for Schizonepeta Tenuifolia Extract yet.

We don't have a description for Carthamus Tinctorius Flower Extract yet.

Masking, Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Cichorium Intybus Root Extract yet.

Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit Extract comes from the vanilla plant now cultivated in the South Pacific.

This ingredient is known to sensitize and irritate skin.

If you are looking for a non-irritating vanilla, check out Vanilla Planifolia

Learn more about Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit Extract
Emulsifying

We don't have a description for Poloxamer 234 yet.

Humectant, Skin Conditioning

Betaine is a common humectant (a substance that promotes retention of moisture). It's known to be gentle on the skin and can help balance hydration.

This ingredient is best for improving hydration and soothing irritated skin. Studies also show it helps even out skin tone.

Fun fact: Betaine is naturally created in the skin and body. The kind found within cosmetic products can be either plant-derived or synthetic.

Learn more about Betaine
Emollient, Skin Conditioning

Glycosphingolipids are naturally found in the cell membranes of organisms. In animals, they are the major glycolipids found.

Glyolipids help ensure the stability of cell membranes. They also help with cellular recognition, such as allowing cells to form tissues in skin.

Skin Conditioning

Phospholipids are naturally found in our skin as they are the main component of cell membranes. Phospholipids have humectant, emollient, antioxidant properties.

Phospholipids are complex lipids that contain glycerin, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Some foods that contain phospholipids include soybeans and milk. The phospholipids found in soy come from Lecithin. This ingredient can also be synthetically created.

Due to their hygroscopic nature, they act as both humectants and emollients. Humectants draw moisture from the air to your skin, while emollients help trap moisture in.

The phospholipids in our skin can be naturally depleted. Replenishing the phospholipids in our skin can help hydrate your skin.

Studies show phospholipids display antioxidant activity and may help with reducing the signs of aging.

This ingredient is non-occlusive.

Some types of phospholipids:

Learn more about Phospholipids
Smoothing

Niacinamide has emerged as an all-star ingredient due to its many benefits.

It is known to treat acne by reducing inflammation. It also helps fade dark-spots and strengthen the skin by promoting the growth of the ceramide barrier.

Other benefits include smoothing wrinkles and minimizing redness.

The cherry on top? Niacinamide can also help build keratin, a protein that keeps skin firm.

When incorporating niacinamide into your routine, look out for concentration amounts. Typically, 5% niacinamide provides benefits such as fading dark spots. However, if you have sensitive skin, it is better to begin with a smaller concentration.

Niacinamide can be mixed with other ingredients to boost benefits. For instance, it has shown to be effective when used with copper, folic acid, and zinc to treat acne.

Learn more about Niacinamide
Humectant, Skin Conditioning

Sodium Hyaluronate is hyaluronic acid's salt form. It is commonly derived from the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid.

Like hyaluronic acid, it is great at holding water and acts as a humectant. This makes it a great skin hydrating ingredient.

Sodium Hyaluronate is naturally occurring in our bodies and is mostly found in eye fluid and joints.

These are some other common types of Hyaluronic Acid:

Learn more about Sodium Hyaluronate
Skin Conditioning

Ceramide NP is a type of ceramide.

Ceramides are intercellular lipids naturally found in our skin that bonds dead skin cells together to create a barrier. They are known for their ability to hold water and thus are a great ingredient for dry skin.

Ceramides are an important building block for our skin barrier. A stronger barrier helps the skin look more firm and hydrated. By bolstering the skin ceramides act as a barrier against irritating ingredients. This can help with inflammation as well.

If you would like to eat ceramides, sweet potatoes contain a small amount.

Read more about other common types of ceramides here: Ceramide AP Ceramide EOP

Learn more about Ceramide NP
Skin Conditioning

Polyquaternium-51 is a polymer salt. It helps hydrate the skin by creating a film on top. This film traps moisture in, keeping your skin soft and hydrated.

Cleansing, Skin Conditioning

We don't have a description for Lauryl Dimethicone/Polyglycerin-3 Crosspolymer yet.

Emollient, Emulsifying, Skin Conditioning

Cholesterol is a class of organic molecules called lipids. It helps hydrate your skin and is essential to having a healthy skin barrier.

Our skin naturally contains cholesterol in the outermost layer. Besides cholesterol, it also contains ceramides and fatty acids. Cholesterol makes up about 1/4 of your skin's outer layer and barrier. Your skin barrier is responsible for keeping allergens and microbes out. Having a healthy skin barrier is also responsible for keeping your skin firm and plump.

Our bodies use cholestrol to create vitamin D, steroid hormones, and more.

Learn more about Cholesterol

Polymethylsilsesquioxane is a silicone used as a film forming agent.

When applied to the skin, this ingredient creates an invisible film on the surface. This film still allows oxygen to pass through, but prevents moisture from escaping. This can help condition and hydrate the skin. It also leaves a silky feel when applied.

Polymethylsilsesquioxane has not been shown to clog pores. It has been deemed safe to use up to 55%, but most cosmetics use much less.

If you have concerns about using this ingredient, we recommend speaking with a professional.

Learn more about Polymethylsilsesquioxane
Emulsion Stabilising, Stabilising

Hydroxyethylcellulose is used to improve the texture of products. It is created from a chemical reaction involving ethylene oxide and alkali-cellulose. Cellulose is a sugar found in plant cell walls and help give plants structure.

This ingredient helps stabilize products by preventing ingredients from separating. It can also help thicken the texture of a product.

This ingredient can also be found in pill medicines to help our bodies digest other ingredients.

Learn more about Hydroxyethylcellulose
Emollient, Emulsifying, Emulsion Stabilising

Cetearyl alcohol is a mixture of two fatty alcohols: cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol. It is mainly used as an emulsifier. Emulsifiers help prevent the separation of oils and products. Due to its composition, it can also be used to thicken a product or help create foam.

Cetearyl alcohol is an emollient. Emollients help soothe and hydrate the skin by trapping moisture.

Studies show Cetearyl alcohol is non-toxic and non-irritating. The FDA allows products labeled "alcohol-free" to have fatty alcohols.

This ingredient is usually derived from plant oils such as palm, vegetable, or coconut oils. There is debate on whether this ingredient will cause acne.

Due to the fatty acid base, this ingredient may not be Malassezia folliculitis safe.

Learn more about Cetearyl Alcohol

Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer is a synthetic polymer. It is used to thicken and improve the texture of products. Due to its properties, it can prevent water and oil ingredients from separating.

We don't have a description for PEG/PPG-17/6 Copolymer yet.

Buffering, Masking

Tromethamine helps balance the pH and improve the texture of a product. It is synthetically created.

As an emulsifier, Tromethamine prevents oil and water ingredients from separating. This helps stabilize the product and elongate a product's shelf life. Tromethamine also makes a product thicker.

Tromethamine helps balance the pH level of a product. Normal pH level of skin is slightly acidic (~4.75-5.5). The acidity of our skin is maintained by our glands and skin biome. Being slightly acidic allows our skin to create an "acid mantle". This acid mantle is a thin barrier that protects our skin from bacteria and contaminants.

Oral Tromethanmine is an anti-inflammatory drug but plays the role of masking, adding fragrance, and/or balancing pH in skincare.

1,3-Propanediol, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-

Learn more about Tromethamine
Masking, Perfuming, Tonic

Lavandula Angustifolia Oil is more commonly known as lavender essential oil.

Lavender imparts a famous scent. While the smell is lovely, this ingredient and may sensitize skin in topical products. This is because it contains linalool, a known allergen.

However, lavender essential oil has shown to have anti-inflammatory activity due to its prostanoid and histamine content. Its leaves also exhibit antibacterial properties.

More research is needed to confirm lavender essential oil's effects when used in aromatherapy.

Lavandula Angustifolia is known as the English Lavender and famous for creating purple fields in Provence, France.

Learn more about Lavandula Angustifolia Oil

Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil is the oil from the bergamot orange. It is native to Italy.

This ingredient is used to add fragrance to products. It contains limonene, linalool, and linalyl acetate.

The term 'fragrance' is not regulated in many countries. In many cases, it is up to the brand to define this term. For instance, many brands choose to label themselves as "fragrance-free" because they are not using synthetic fragrances. However, their products may still contain ingredients such as essential oils that are considered a fragrance.

When used topically, Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil is a photosensitizer due to its furanocoumarins. Photosensitizers make the skin and eyes much more sensitive to sunlight. Photosensitizers are linked to skin cancer.

However, more cosmetics using Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil are removing the furanocoumarins.

Bergamot oil was also found to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal properties.

Learn more about Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil
Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning

This oil is created by distilling the dried flower heads of the Roman Chamomile flower.

Chamomile is rich in antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory properties. Several compounds found in chamomile help with soothing, such as bisbolol.

Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil is the pressed oil of the Rose Geranium plant. It is volatile, meaning it evaporates off the skin.

Rose Geranium contains antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It has been shown to reduce bacteria and fungus. Due to these properties, Rose Geranium may help reduce acne.

The antioxidants may help reduce the signs of aging, such as fine-lines and wrinkles.

Fragrant components of Rose Geranium include citronellol and geraniol. These may cause allergies and skin-sensitivity. We recommend speaking with a professional if you have any concerns. The scent of Rose Geranium closely resembles traditional roses.

Learn more about Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil
Cleansing, Masking, Perfuming

Citrus Aurantifolia Oil is a fragrance and is an oil.

Perfuming, Solvent

Limonene is a fragrance that adds scent and taste to a formulation.

It's found in the peel oil of citrus fruits and other plants such as lavender and eucalyptus. The scent of limonene is generally described as "sweet citrus".

Limonene acts as an antioxidant, meaning it helps neutralize free radicals.

When exposed to air, oxidized limonene may sensitize the skin. Because of this, limonene is often avoided by people with sensitive skin.

The term 'fragrance' is not regulated in many countries. In many cases, it is up to the brand to define this term. For instance, many brands choose to label themselves as "fragrance-free" because they are not using synthetic fragrances. However, their products may still contain ingredients such as essential oils that are considered a fragrance.

Learn more about Limonene
Perfuming

Linalool is a fragrance and helps add scent to products. It's derived from common plants such as cinnamon, mint, citrus, and lavender.

Like Limonene, this ingredient oxidizes when exposed to air. Oxidized linalool can cause allergies and skin sensitivity.

This ingredient has a scent that is floral, spicy tropical, and citrus-like.

Learn more about Linalool
Perfuming

Citronellol is used to add fragrance/parfum to a product. It is often derived from plants such as roses. In fact, it can be found in many essential oils including geranium, lavender, neroli, and more. The scent of Citronellol is often described as "fresh, grassy, and citrus-like".

Since the Citronellol molecule is already unstable, Citronellol becomes irritating on the skin when exposed to air.

Citronellol is a modified terpene. Terpenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons found in plants. They make up the primary part of essential oils.

Citronellol is not able to be absorbed into deeper layers of the skin. It has low permeability,

Citronellol is also a natural insect repellent.

Learn more about Citronellol

Reviews

No written reviews yet. Be the first to review this product.

Where it's from

Su:m37 is a Korean brand

Korean flag
SkinSort Icon
Verified by SkinSort

We're dedicated to providing you with the most up-to-date and science-backed ingredient info out there.

The data we've presented on this page has been verified by a member of the SkinSort Team.

Read more about us

· Updated April 18, 2025